Презентация «Mechanics. Key definitions»

Смотреть слайды в полном размере
Презентация «Mechanics. Key definitions»

Вы можете ознакомиться с презентацией онлайн, просмотреть текст и слайды к ней, а также, в случае, если она вам подходит - скачать файл для редактирования или печати. Документ содержит 263 слайда и доступен в формате ppt. Размер файла: 6.80 MB

Просмотреть и скачать

Pic.1
Mechanics Physics. The Main Course
Mechanics Physics. The Main Course
Pic.2
Key definitions Mechanics - part of physics that studies the laws of mechanical motion and causes wh
Key definitions Mechanics - part of physics that studies the laws of mechanical motion and causes which change the movement. Mechanical movement - change in the relative positions of the bodies, or …
Pic.3
Types of mechanics
Types of mechanics
Pic.4
Kinematics, Dynamics, Statics Kinematics (from the Greek word kinema - motion) - the section of mech
Kinematics, Dynamics, Statics Kinematics (from the Greek word kinema - motion) - the section of mechanics that studies the geometric properties of the motion of bodies without taking into account …
Pic.5
Kinematics, Dynamics, Statics Statics (from the Greek statike - balance) is studying the conditions
Kinematics, Dynamics, Statics Statics (from the Greek statike - balance) is studying the conditions of equilibrium of bodies. Since the balance - is a special case of motion, the laws of statics are …
Pic.6
Models in Mechanics Material - body size, shape and point of the internal structure which in this pr
Models in Mechanics Material - body size, shape and point of the internal structure which in this problem can be ignored Absolutely solid - body, which in any conditions of the body can not be …
Pic.7
System and body of the countdown Every motion is relative, so it is necessary to describe the motion
System and body of the countdown Every motion is relative, so it is necessary to describe the motion conditions on any other body will be counted from the movement of the body. Selected for this …
Pic.8
reference system Reference system - a set of coordinates and hours related to the body with respect
reference system Reference system - a set of coordinates and hours related to the body with respect to which the motion is studied. Body movements, like matter, can not in general be out of time and …
Pic.9
Kinematics of a material point The position of point A in the space can be defined by the radius vec
Kinematics of a material point The position of point A in the space can be defined by the radius vector drawn from the reference point O or the origin
Pic.10
displacement, path When moving the point A from point 1 to point 2 of its radius vector changes in m
displacement, path When moving the point A from point 1 to point 2 of its radius vector changes in magnitude and direction, ie, It depends on the time t. The locus of all points is called a …
Pic.11
velocity The average velocity vector is defined as the ratio of the displacement vector by the time
velocity The average velocity vector is defined as the ratio of the displacement vector by the time Δt, for that this movement happened
Pic.12
Instantaneous speed When Δt =0 Δ - an infinitely small part of trajectory ΔS = Δr movement coincides
Instantaneous speed When Δt =0 Δ - an infinitely small part of trajectory ΔS = Δr movement coincides with the trajectory) In this case, the instantaneous velocity can be expressed by a scalar value - …
Pic.13
Instantaneous speed
Instantaneous speed
Pic.14
Acceleration. The normal and tangential acceleration In the case of an arbitrary speed does not rema
Acceleration. The normal and tangential acceleration In the case of an arbitrary speed does not remain constant motion. The speed rate of change in magnitude and direction of acceleration are …
Pic.15
Acceleration We introduce the unit vector associated with point 1, and directed at a tangent to the
Acceleration We introduce the unit vector associated with point 1, and directed at a tangent to the trajectory of the point 1 (vectors and at 1 match). Then we can write:
Pic.16
Acceleration We find the overall acceleration (a derivative)
Acceleration We find the overall acceleration (a derivative)
Pic.17
Tangential and normal acceleration
Tangential and normal acceleration
Pic.18
Kinematics of rotational motion The motion of a rigid body in which the two points O and O 'are
Kinematics of rotational motion The motion of a rigid body in which the two points O and O 'are fixed, called the rotational motion around a fixed axis, and the fixed line OO' is called the …
Pic.19
Angular velocity It is the vector angular velocity is numerically equal to the first derivative of t
Angular velocity It is the vector angular velocity is numerically equal to the first derivative of the angle in time and directed along the rotation axis direction (and always in the same direction).
Pic.20
Contact the linear and angular velocity Let - linear velocity of the point M. During the time interv
Contact the linear and angular velocity Let - linear velocity of the point M. During the time interval dt the point M passes the way at the same time (Central angle). Then,
Pic.21
The concepts of rotational motion Period T - period of time during which the body makes a complete r
The concepts of rotational motion Period T - period of time during which the body makes a complete revolution ( turn on the corner)
Pic.22
angular acceleration We express the normal and tangential acceleration of M through the angular velo
angular acceleration We express the normal and tangential acceleration of M through the angular velocity and angular acceleration
Pic.23
The connection between the linear and angular values the rotational movement:
The connection between the linear and angular values the rotational movement:
Pic.24
The connection between the linear and angular values the rotational movement:
The connection between the linear and angular values the rotational movement:
Pic.25
dynamics Dynamics (from the Greek dynamis - force) is studying the motion of bodies in connection wi
dynamics Dynamics (from the Greek dynamis - force) is studying the motion of bodies in connection with the reasons that cause this movement.
Pic.26
Newton's first law. Inertial systems The so-called classical or Newtonian mechanics are three l
Newton's first law. Inertial systems The so-called classical or Newtonian mechanics are three laws of dynamics, formulated by Newton in 1687. These laws play a crucial role in the mechanics and …
Pic.27
Newton's First Law Еvery material point stores the state of rest or uniform rectilinear motion
Newton's First Law Еvery material point stores the state of rest or uniform rectilinear motion until such time as the effects of other bodies will not force her to change this state.
Pic.28
Newton's First Law Both of these states are similar in that the acceleration body is zero. Ther
Newton's First Law Both of these states are similar in that the acceleration body is zero. Therefore, the first law of the formulation can be given as follows: speed of any body remains constant …
Pic.29
Newton's First Law The desire to preserve the body state of rest or uniform rectilinear motion
Newton's First Law The desire to preserve the body state of rest or uniform rectilinear motion is called inertia. Therefore, Newton's first law is called the law of inertia.
Pic.30
inertia Inertial frame of reference is such a frame of reference with respect to which a material po
inertia Inertial frame of reference is such a frame of reference with respect to which a material point, free from external influences, either at rest or moving uniformly (ie, at a constant speed). …
Pic.31
The mass and momentum of the body Exposure to this body by other bodies causes a change in its speed
The mass and momentum of the body Exposure to this body by other bodies causes a change in its speed, i. e. аccording to this body acceleration. Experience shows that the same effect according to …
Pic.32
The mass and momentum of the body Mass - the value of the additive (body weight equal to the sum of
The mass and momentum of the body Mass - the value of the additive (body weight equal to the sum of the masses of parts that make up this body). Systems, interacting only with each other, said to be …
Pic.33
The mass and momentum of the body
The mass and momentum of the body
Pic.34
The mass and momentum of the body
The mass and momentum of the body
Pic.35
momentum of the body
momentum of the body
Pic.36
Newton's Second Law
Newton's Second Law
Pic.37
Newton's Third Law Interacting bodies act on each other with the same magnitude but opposite in
Newton's Third Law Interacting bodies act on each other with the same magnitude but opposite in direction forces:
Pic.38
Every action causes an equal largest opposition
Every action causes an equal largest opposition
Pic.39
The law of conservation of momentum The mechanical system is called a closed (or isolated), if it is
The law of conservation of momentum The mechanical system is called a closed (or isolated), if it is not acted upon by external forces, ie, it does not interact with external bodies. Strictly …
Pic.40
The law of conservation of momentum
The law of conservation of momentum
Pic.41
Gravity and the weight One of the fundamental forces - gravity force is manifested on Earth in the f
Gravity and the weight One of the fundamental forces - gravity force is manifested on Earth in the form of gravitational force - the force with which all bodies are attracted to the Earth. Near the …
Pic.42
Gravity and the weight If the body is hung or put it on a support, the force of gravity is balanced
Gravity and the weight If the body is hung or put it on a support, the force of gravity is balanced by the force, which is called the reaction support or suspension
Pic.43
frictional forces Friction is divided into external and internal. External friction occurs when the
frictional forces Friction is divided into external and internal. External friction occurs when the relative movement of the two contacting solids (sliding friction or static friction). Internal …
Pic.44
frictional forces Frictional forces - tangential forces arising in the contact surfaces of bodies an
frictional forces Frictional forces - tangential forces arising in the contact surfaces of bodies and prevent their relative movement
Pic.45
frictional forces
frictional forces
Pic.46
Inclined plane
Inclined plane
Pic.47
ENERGY. work. CONSERVATION LAWS
ENERGY. work. CONSERVATION LAWS
Pic.48
Potential energy If the system of material bodies are conservative forces, it is possible to introdu
Potential energy If the system of material bodies are conservative forces, it is possible to introduce the concept of potential energy. Work done by conservative forces when changing the system …
Pic.49
The formula for the potential energy
The formula for the potential energy
Pic.50
Kinetic energy The function of the system status, which is determined only by the speed of its motio
Kinetic energy The function of the system status, which is determined only by the speed of its motion is called kinetic energy.
Pic.51
Units of energy measurement Energy is measured in SI units in the force works on the distance in new
Units of energy measurement Energy is measured in SI units in the force works on the distance in newtons per meter (joules)
Pic.52
Contact of the kinetic energy with momentum p.
Contact of the kinetic energy with momentum p.
Pic.53
Contact of the kinetic energy with the work. If a constant force acts on the body, it will move in t
Contact of the kinetic energy with the work. If a constant force acts on the body, it will move in the direction of the force. Then, the unit operation of the body movement of v. 1 to Vol. 2, is the …
Pic.54
Contact of the kinetic energy with the work. Consequently, the work of the force applied to the body
Contact of the kinetic energy with the work. Consequently, the work of the force applied to the body in the path r is numerically equal to the change in kinetic energy of the body:
Pic.55
power The rate of doing work (energy transfer) is called power. Power has the work done per unit of
power The rate of doing work (energy transfer) is called power. Power has the work done per unit of time. instantaneous power
Pic.56
Conservative and non-conservative forces Also contact interactions observed interaction between bodi
Conservative and non-conservative forces Also contact interactions observed interaction between bodies, distant from each other. This interaction takes place through physical fields (a special form …
Pic.57
Conservative and non-conservative forces Force, whose work does not depend on the way in which the m
Conservative and non-conservative forces Force, whose work does not depend on the way in which the moving body, and depends on the initial and final position of the body are called conservative.
Pic.58
Conservative and non-conservative forces Conservative forces: gravity, electrostatic forces, the for
Conservative and non-conservative forces Conservative forces: gravity, electrostatic forces, the forces of the central stationary field. Non-conservative forces: the force of friction, the forces of …
Pic.59
The relationship between potential energy and force The space in which there are conservative forces
The relationship between potential energy and force The space in which there are conservative forces, called the potential field. Each point corresponds to a potential field strength value acting on …
Pic.60
The law of conservation of mechanical energy The law of conservation brings together the results we
The law of conservation of mechanical energy The law of conservation brings together the results we obtained earlier. In the forties of the nineteenth century works of R. Mayer, Helmholtz and John. …
Pic.61
The law of conservation of mechanical energy For a conservative system of particles the total energy
The law of conservation of mechanical energy For a conservative system of particles the total energy of the system:
Pic.62
For a closed system
For a closed system
Pic.63
Collisions
Collisions
Pic.64
Absolutely elastic central collision With absolutely elastic collision - this is a blow, in which th
Absolutely elastic central collision With absolutely elastic collision - this is a blow, in which there is no conversion of mechanical energy into other forms of energy.
Pic.65
Inelastic collision Inelastic collision - a collision of two bodies, in which the body together and
Inelastic collision Inelastic collision - a collision of two bodies, in which the body together and move forward as one.
Pic.66
Dynamics of rotational motion of the SOLID body
Dynamics of rotational motion of the SOLID body
Pic.67
Dynamics of rotational motion of a solid body Relatived to the axis
Dynamics of rotational motion of a solid body Relatived to the axis
Pic.68
MoMENT OF INERTIA
MoMENT OF INERTIA
Pic.69
the main body dynamics equation of rotating around a fixed axis
the main body dynamics equation of rotating around a fixed axis
Pic.70
auxiliary equationS
auxiliary equationS
Pic.71
Steiner's theorem
Steiner's theorem
Pic.72
The kinetic energy of a rotating body The kinetic energy - the value of the additive, so that the ki
The kinetic energy of a rotating body The kinetic energy - the value of the additive, so that the kinetic energy of a body moving in an arbitrary manner, is the sum of the kinetic energies of all n …
Pic.73
translation and rotational motion The total kinetic energy of the body:
translation and rotational motion The total kinetic energy of the body:
Pic.74
relativistic mechanics .
relativistic mechanics .
Pic.75
Galileo's principle of relativity. In describing the mechanics was assumed that all the velocit
Galileo's principle of relativity. In describing the mechanics was assumed that all the velocity of the body is much less than the speed of light. The reason for this is that Newton's …
Pic.76
Galilean transformation According to classical mechanics: mechanical phenomena occur equally in the
Galilean transformation According to classical mechanics: mechanical phenomena occur equally in the two reference frames moving uniformly in a straight line relative to each other.
Pic.77
Galilean transformation
Galilean transformation
Pic.78
Interval of the space
Interval of the space
Pic.79
Galilean transformation Moments of time in different reference frames coincide up to a constant valu
Galilean transformation Moments of time in different reference frames coincide up to a constant value determined by the procedure of clock synchronization
Pic.80
Galileo's principle of relativity. The laws of nature that determine the change in the state of
Galileo's principle of relativity. The laws of nature that determine the change in the state of motion of mechanical systems do not depend on which of the two inertial reference systems they …
Pic.81
Einstein's principle of relativity In 1905 in the journal "Annals of Physics" was pub
Einstein's principle of relativity In 1905 in the journal "Annals of Physics" was published a famous article by A. Einstein "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", in …
Pic.82
two of Einstein's postulate
two of Einstein's postulate
Pic.83
two of Einstein's postulate 1. All laws of nature are the same in all inertial reference system
two of Einstein's postulate 1. All laws of nature are the same in all inertial reference systems. 2. The speed of light in a vacuum is the same in all inertial reference systems, and does not …
Pic.84
Lorentz Transformations Formula conversion in the transition from one inertial system to another, ta
Lorentz Transformations Formula conversion in the transition from one inertial system to another, taking into account Einstein's postulates suggested Lorenz in 1904
Pic.85
Lorentz Transformations Lorenz established a link between the coordinates and time of the event in t
Lorentz Transformations Lorenz established a link between the coordinates and time of the event in the frame k and k 'based on the postulates of SRT Thus, at high speeds comparable to the speed …
Pic.86
Lorentz Transformations
Lorentz Transformations
Pic.87
Fourth dimension The true physical meaning of Lorentz transformations was first established in 1905
Fourth dimension The true physical meaning of Lorentz transformations was first established in 1905 by Einstein in SRT. In the theory of relativity, time is sometimes called the fourth dimension. …
Pic.88
Fourth dimension
Fourth dimension
Pic.89
Fourth dimension At low speeds or, at infinite speed bye-injury theory of long-range interactions),
Fourth dimension At low speeds or, at infinite speed bye-injury theory of long-range interactions), the Lorentz transformations turn into Galileo's transformation (matching principle).
Pic.90
Conclusions of the Lorentz transformations 1)Lorentz transformations demonstrate the inextricable li
Conclusions of the Lorentz transformations 1)Lorentz transformations demonstrate the inextricable link spatial and temporal properties of our world (the world of four-dimensional). 2)On the basis of …
Pic.91
Lorentz contraction length ( length of bodies in different frames of reference)
Lorentz contraction length ( length of bodies in different frames of reference)
Pic.92
Slowing down time (Duration of the event in different frames of reference)
Slowing down time (Duration of the event in different frames of reference)
Pic.93
Mass, momentum and energy in relativistic mechanics
Mass, momentum and energy in relativistic mechanics
Pic.94
The relativistic increase in mass of the particles of matter
The relativistic increase in mass of the particles of matter
Pic.95
The relativistic expression for momentum
The relativistic expression for momentum
Pic.96
The relativistic expression for the energy
The relativistic expression for the energy
Pic.97
Molecular-kinetic theory
Molecular-kinetic theory
Pic.98
the effect of steam Jet Propulsion ball mounted on a tubular racks, by the reaction provided by the
the effect of steam Jet Propulsion ball mounted on a tubular racks, by the reaction provided by the escaping steam, it has been demonstrated 2000 years ago Hero of Alexandria.
Pic.99
Basic concepts and definitions of molecular Physics and thermodynamics The set of bodies making up t
Basic concepts and definitions of molecular Physics and thermodynamics The set of bodies making up the macroscopic system is called thermodynamic system. The system can be in different states. The …
Pic.100
Basic concepts and definitions of molecular Physics and thermodynamics Any parameter having a certai
Basic concepts and definitions of molecular Physics and thermodynamics Any parameter having a certain value for each of the equilibrium state is a function of the system state. The equilibrium system …
Pic.101
Basic concepts and definitions of molecular Physics and thermodynamics The process - the transition
Basic concepts and definitions of molecular Physics and thermodynamics The process - the transition from one equilibrium state to another. Relaxation - the return of the system to an equilibrium …
Pic.102
The atomic weight of chemical elements (atomic weight) A
The atomic weight of chemical elements (atomic weight) A
Pic.103
The molecular weight (MW)
The molecular weight (MW)
Pic.104
Definitions In thermodynamics, the widely used concept of k-mol, mole, Avogadro's number and th
Definitions In thermodynamics, the widely used concept of k-mol, mole, Avogadro's number and the number of Loschmidt. We give a definition of these quantities. Mol - a standardized amount of any …
Pic.105
Number of Avogadro In 1811 Avogadro suggested that the number of particles per kmol of any substance
Number of Avogadro In 1811 Avogadro suggested that the number of particles per kmol of any substance is constant and equal to the called, in consequence, the number of Avogadro
Pic.106
number of Loschmidt At the same temperatures and pressures of all the gases contained in a unit volu
number of Loschmidt At the same temperatures and pressures of all the gases contained in a unit volume of the same number of molecules. The number of ideal gas molecules contained in 1 m3 under …
Pic.107
Pressure. The basic equation of molecular-kinetic theory gas pressure - there consequence of the col
Pressure. The basic equation of molecular-kinetic theory gas pressure - there consequence of the collision gas molecules with the walls of the vessel.
Pic.108
Pressure
Pressure
Pic.109
the basic equation of molecular-kinetic theory of gases.
the basic equation of molecular-kinetic theory of gases.
Pic.110
Temperature
Temperature
Pic.111
The basic equation of molecular-kinetic theory-2
The basic equation of molecular-kinetic theory-2
Pic.112
The probability of the event. The concept of the distribution of the velocity of the gas molecules F
The probability of the event. The concept of the distribution of the velocity of the gas molecules From the standpoint of atomic-molecular structure of the substance values found in macroscopic …
Pic.113
The probability of the event. The concept of the distribution of the velocity of the gas molecules A
The probability of the event. The concept of the distribution of the velocity of the gas molecules A large number of colliding atoms and molecules causes important patterns in the behavior of …
Pic.114
Maxwell distribution function Suppose there are n identical molecules in a state of random thermal m
Maxwell distribution function Suppose there are n identical molecules in a state of random thermal motion at a certain temperature. After each act of collisions between molecules, their speed changes …
Pic.115
Maxwell distribution function
Maxwell distribution function
Pic.116
the distribution function of the velocity
the distribution function of the velocity
Pic.117
The barometric formula The atmospheric pressure at a height h due to the weight of the overlying lay
The barometric formula The atmospheric pressure at a height h due to the weight of the overlying layers of gas.
Pic.118
first law of thermodynamics
first law of thermodynamics
Pic.119
first law of thermodynamics
first law of thermodynamics
Pic.120
first law of thermodynamics
first law of thermodynamics
Pic.121
Application of the first law of thermodynamics to Izoprocesses of ideal gases Izo - processes in whi
Application of the first law of thermodynamics to Izoprocesses of ideal gases Izo - processes in which one of the thermodynamic parameters remain constant
Pic.122
Isothermal process isothermal expansion Conditions of flow
Isothermal process isothermal expansion Conditions of flow
Pic.123
Isothermal process Isothermal compression Conditions of flow
Isothermal process Isothermal compression Conditions of flow
Pic.124
isochoric heating
isochoric heating
Pic.125
isochoric cooling
isochoric cooling
Pic.126
Isobar extension and compression Homework
Isobar extension and compression Homework
Pic.127
Adiabatic process Adiabatic process - a process in which a heat exchange with the environment.
Adiabatic process Adiabatic process - a process in which a heat exchange with the environment.
Pic.128
Homework Laws of processes
Homework Laws of processes
Pic.129
ENTROPY Entropy S - is the ratio of received-term or transferred heat to the tempera-D, in which thi
ENTROPY Entropy S - is the ratio of received-term or transferred heat to the tempera-D, in which this process took place.
Pic.130
For reversible processes, entropy change:
For reversible processes, entropy change:
Pic.131
The second law of thermodynamics It can not process the only result of which is the transformation o
The second law of thermodynamics It can not process the only result of which is the transformation of the entire heat produced by the heater in an equivalent job (wording Kelvin) 2. There can not be …
Pic.132
THERMAL MACHINES Circular process, or cycle, called such a process, in which the thermodynamic body
THERMAL MACHINES Circular process, or cycle, called such a process, in which the thermodynamic body returns to its original state.
Pic.133
Circular process
Circular process
Pic.134
Circular process Circular processes underlie all heat engines: internal combustion engines, steam an
Circular process Circular processes underlie all heat engines: internal combustion engines, steam and gas turbines, steam and refrigeration machines, etc. As a result, a circular process, the system …
Pic.135
Circular process The process is called reversible If it proceeds in such a way that after the proces
Circular process The process is called reversible If it proceeds in such a way that after the process, it may be conducted in the reverse direction through the same intermediate state, and that the …
Pic.136
Circular process The process is called irreversible, if it takes place, so that after the end of the
Circular process The process is called irreversible, if it takes place, so that after the end of the system can not return to its initial state after the previous intermediate states. It is …
Pic.137
Heat engines Heat machine called a batch engine to do work on account of the resulting heat outside.
Heat engines Heat machine called a batch engine to do work on account of the resulting heat outside.
Pic.138
An ideal heat engine The greatest efficiency of the heater at predetermined temperatures T1 and T2 o
An ideal heat engine The greatest efficiency of the heater at predetermined temperatures T1 and T2 of the refrigerator has the heat engine working fluid which expands and contracts by the Carnot …
Pic.139
Carnot cycle
Carnot cycle
Pic.140
Carnot cycle Cycle, Carnot studied, is the most economical and is a cyclic process consisting of two
Carnot cycle Cycle, Carnot studied, is the most economical and is a cyclic process consisting of two isotherms and two adiabatic
Pic.141
Efficiency Carnot Machine
Efficiency Carnot Machine
Pic.142
Real gases
Real gases
Pic.143
Real gases Equation Mendeleev - Clapeyron - the simplest, most reliable and well-known equation of s
Real gases Equation Mendeleev - Clapeyron - the simplest, most reliable and well-known equation of state of an ideal gas.
Pic.144
Real gases The First Amendment to the ideal gas equation of state is considering its own volume occu
Real gases The First Amendment to the ideal gas equation of state is considering its own volume occupied by the molecules of a real gas. In equation Dupre (1864)
Pic.145
Real gases As the temperature decreases the intermolecular interaction in real gases leads to conden
Real gases As the temperature decreases the intermolecular interaction in real gases leads to condensation (fluid generation). Intermolecular attraction is equivalent to the existence of some of the …
Pic.146
Van der Waals equation Van der Waals gave a functional interpretation of the internal pressure. Acco
Van der Waals equation Van der Waals gave a functional interpretation of the internal pressure. According to the model of Van der Waals attractive forces between molecules (Van der Waals force) is …
Pic.147
Van der Waals equation With these considerations in mind an ideal gas equation of state is transform
Van der Waals equation With these considerations in mind an ideal gas equation of state is transformed into the equation of van der Waals forces:
Pic.148
Real gases Real gases - gases whose properties depend on the molecular interaction. Under normal con
Real gases Real gases - gases whose properties depend on the molecular interaction. Under normal conditions, when the average potential energy of intermolecular interaction is much smaller than the …
Pic.149
Van der Waals force Van der Waals to explain the properties of real gases and liquids, suggested tha
Van der Waals force Van der Waals to explain the properties of real gases and liquids, suggested that at small distances between molecules are repulsive forces, which are replaced with increasing …
Pic.150
Van der Waals force Intermolecular interactions-tion are electrical in nature and consist of attract
Van der Waals force Intermolecular interactions-tion are electrical in nature and consist of attractive forces (orientation, induction, dispersion) and repulsive forces.
Pic.151
The internal energy of the gas van der Waals The energy of one mole of a gas van der Waals force is
The internal energy of the gas van der Waals The energy of one mole of a gas van der Waals force is composed of: the internal energy of the gas molecules; the kinetic energy of the thermal motion of …
Pic.152
Van der Waals force The principal value of the van der Waals equation is determined by the following
Van der Waals force The principal value of the van der Waals equation is determined by the following factors 1) The equation was derived from the model of the properties of real gases and liquids, …
Pic.153
Van der Waals force 2) The equation for a long time regarded as a general form of the equation of st
Van der Waals force 2) The equation for a long time regarded as a general form of the equation of state of real gases, on the basis of which it was built many other equations of state;3) Using the …
Pic.154
Joule-Thomson effect If the ideal gas adiabatically expands and performs work at the same time, then
Joule-Thomson effect If the ideal gas adiabatically expands and performs work at the same time, then it is cooled, as in this case, the work is done at the expense of its internal energy. A similar …
Pic.155
Joule-Thomson effect Joule-Thomson effect is to change the temperature of the gas as a result of a s
Joule-Thomson effect Joule-Thomson effect is to change the temperature of the gas as a result of a slow flow of gas under a constant pressure drop through the reactor - a local obstacle to the gas …
Pic.156
Joule-Thomson effect Joule-Thomson effect indicates the presence of gas in the intermolecular forces
Joule-Thomson effect Joule-Thomson effect indicates the presence of gas in the intermolecular forces. Gas performs external work - subsequent layers of gas pushed past, and perform work force of the …
Pic.157
Liquefaction of gases The conversion of any gas in the liquid - gas liquefaction - is possible only
Liquefaction of gases The conversion of any gas in the liquid - gas liquefaction - is possible only at temperatures below the critical value.
Pic.158
Liquefaction of gases
Liquefaction of gases
Pic.159
Liquefaction of gases
Liquefaction of gases
Pic.160
electricity
electricity
Pic.161
Nature The first known manifestations of "animal electricity" were discharges of electric
Nature The first known manifestations of "animal electricity" were discharges of electric fishes. The electric catfish was depicted even on ancient Egyptian tombs, and Galen (130-200 years …
Pic.162
History In the years 1746-54. Franklin explained the action of the Leyden jar, built the first flat
History In the years 1746-54. Franklin explained the action of the Leyden jar, built the first flat capacitor consisting of two parallel metal plates separated by a glass layer, invented a lightning …
Pic.163
History The Leiden Bank was invented in 1745 by an independent Dutch professor Peter Van Mushenbrock
History The Leiden Bank was invented in 1745 by an independent Dutch professor Peter Van Mushenbrock (1692-1761) and German prelate Ewald George von Kleist. The dielectric in this condenser was the …
Pic.164
electric charge Electric charges do not exist by themselves, but are internal properties of elementa
electric charge Electric charges do not exist by themselves, but are internal properties of elementary particles - electrons, protons, etc. Experienced in 1914, the American physicist R. Milliken …
Pic.165
Law of conservation of charge The law of conservation of charge is one of the fundamental laws of na
Law of conservation of charge The law of conservation of charge is one of the fundamental laws of nature, formulated in 1747 by B. Franklin and confirmed in 1843 by M. Faraday: the algebraic sum of …
Pic.166
Electric charge Electrostatics is a section that studies static (immobile) charges and associated el
Electric charge Electrostatics is a section that studies static (immobile) charges and associated electric fields.
Pic.167
Laws
Laws
Pic.168
The Coulomb Law A great contribution to the study of phenomena of electrostatics was made by the fam
The Coulomb Law A great contribution to the study of phenomena of electrostatics was made by the famous French scientist S. Coulomb. In 1785, he experimentally established the law of interaction of …
Pic.169
Interaction of electric charges in a vacuum. A point charge (q) is a charged body whose dimensions a
Interaction of electric charges in a vacuum. A point charge (q) is a charged body whose dimensions are negligibly small in comparison with the distance to other charged bodies with which it interacts.
Pic.170
The Coulomb Law The force of interaction of point charges in a vacuum is proportional to the value o
The Coulomb Law The force of interaction of point charges in a vacuum is proportional to the value of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Pic.171
coefficient Where ε0 is the electric constant; 4p here express the spherical symmetry of Coulomb
coefficient Where ε0 is the electric constant; 4p here express the spherical symmetry of Coulomb's law.
Pic.172
Electrostatic field strength Around the charge there is always an electric field, the main property
Electrostatic field strength Around the charge there is always an electric field, the main property of which is that any other charge placed in this field is acted upon by force. Electric and …
Pic.173
Electrostatic field strength The force characteristic of the field created by the charge q is the ra
Electrostatic field strength The force characteristic of the field created by the charge q is the ratio of the force acting on the test charge q 'placed at a given point of the field to the …
Pic.174
Field lines of electrostatic field The Ostrogradsky-Gauss theorem, which we shall prove and discuss
Field lines of electrostatic field The Ostrogradsky-Gauss theorem, which we shall prove and discuss later, establishes the connection between electric charges and the electric field. It is a more …
Pic.175
Lines of force Lines of force are lines tangent to which at any point of the field coincides with th
Lines of force Lines of force are lines tangent to which at any point of the field coincides with the direction of the tension vector
Pic.176
The Ostrogradsky-Gauss theorem So, by definition, the flux of the electric field strength vector is
The Ostrogradsky-Gauss theorem So, by definition, the flux of the electric field strength vector is equal to the number of tension lines crossing the surface S.
Pic.177
The Ostrogradsky-Gauss theorem The flux of the electric field strength vector through a closed surfa
The Ostrogradsky-Gauss theorem The flux of the electric field strength vector through a closed surface in a vacuum is equal to the algebraic sum of all charges located inside the surface divided by …
Pic.178
potential The work of electrostatic forces does not depend on the shape of the path, but only on the
potential The work of electrostatic forces does not depend on the shape of the path, but only on the coordinates of the initial and final points of displacement. Consequently, the field strengths are …
Pic.179
potential difference From this expression it follows that the potential is numerically equal to the
potential difference From this expression it follows that the potential is numerically equal to the potential energy that a unit positive charge possesses at a given point of the field.
Pic.180
DIELECTRICS IN THE ELECTROSTATIC FIELD In an ideal dielectric, free charges, that is, capable of mov
DIELECTRICS IN THE ELECTROSTATIC FIELD In an ideal dielectric, free charges, that is, capable of moving over significant distances (exceeding the distances between atoms), no. But this does not mean …
Pic.181
DIELECTRICS IN THE ELECTROSTATIC FIELD The displacement of electrical charges of a substance under t
DIELECTRICS IN THE ELECTROSTATIC FIELD The displacement of electrical charges of a substance under the action of an electric field is called polarization. The ability to polarize is the main property …
Pic.182
DIELECTRICS IN THE ELECTROSTATIC FIELD Inside the dielectric, the electric charges of the dipoles ca
DIELECTRICS IN THE ELECTROSTATIC FIELD Inside the dielectric, the electric charges of the dipoles cancel each other out. But on the outer surfaces of the dielectric, adjacent to the electrodes, …
Pic.183
Different kinds of dielectrics In 1920, spontaneous (spontaneous) polarization was discovered. The w
Different kinds of dielectrics In 1920, spontaneous (spontaneous) polarization was discovered. The whole group of substances was called ferroelectrics (or ferroelectrics). All ferroelectrics exhibit …
Pic.184
Different kinds of dielectrics Among dielectrics, there are substances called electret-dielectrics,
Different kinds of dielectrics Among dielectrics, there are substances called electret-dielectrics, which preserve the polarized state for a long time after removal of the external electrostatic …
Pic.185
Different kinds of dielectrics Some dielectrics are polarized not only under the action of the elect
Different kinds of dielectrics Some dielectrics are polarized not only under the action of the electric field, but also under the action of mechanical deformation. This phenomenon is called the …
Pic.186
Different kinds of dielectrics Pyroelectricity - the appearance of electrical charges on the surface
Different kinds of dielectrics Pyroelectricity - the appearance of electrical charges on the surface of some crystals when they are heated or cooled. When heated, one end of the dielectric is charged …
Pic.187
Electric current in gases. Gas discharges and their applications
Electric current in gases. Gas discharges and their applications
Pic.188
The phenomenon of ionization and recombination in gases The ionization process consists in the fact
The phenomenon of ionization and recombination in gases The ionization process consists in the fact that under the action of high temperature or some rays the molecules of the gas lose electrons and …
Pic.189
Self-contained gas discharge An independent discharge is a gas discharge in which the current carrie
Self-contained gas discharge An independent discharge is a gas discharge in which the current carriers arise as a result of those processes in the gas that are due to the voltage applied to the gas. …
Pic.190
Self-contained gas discharge When the interelectrode gap is covered by a completely conducting gas-d
Self-contained gas discharge When the interelectrode gap is covered by a completely conducting gas-discharge plasma, its breakdown occurs. The voltage at which the breakdown of the interelectrode gap …
Pic.191
Conditions for the formation and maintenance of an independent gas discharge
Conditions for the formation and maintenance of an independent gas discharge
Pic.192
Types of charge Depending on gas pressure, electrode configuration and external circuit parameters,
Types of charge Depending on gas pressure, electrode configuration and external circuit parameters, there are four types of stand-alone discharges: Glow charge; Spark charge; Arc charge; Corona …
Pic.193
Glowing charge he glow charge occurs at low pressures (in vacuum tubes). It can be observed in a gla
Glowing charge he glow charge occurs at low pressures (in vacuum tubes). It can be observed in a glass tube with flat metal electrodes soldered at the ends. Near the cathode is a thin luminous layer, …
Pic.194
Spark charge The spark charge arises in the gas, usually at pressures on the order of atmospheric Rm
Spark charge The spark charge arises in the gas, usually at pressures on the order of atmospheric Rm. It is characterized by a discontinuous form. In appearance, the spark discharge is a bundle of …
Pic.195
Arc charge If, after obtaining a spark charge from a powerful source, gradually reduce the distance
Arc charge If, after obtaining a spark charge from a powerful source, gradually reduce the distance between the electrodes, the discharge from the intermittent becomes continuous a new form of gas …
Pic.196
Corona discharge Corona discharge occurs in a strong non-uniform electric field at relatively high g
Corona discharge Corona discharge occurs in a strong non-uniform electric field at relatively high gas pressures (of the order of atmospheric pressure). Such a field can be obtained between two …
Pic.197
Application of gas charge Gas discharge devices are very diverse, and differ in the type of discharg
Application of gas charge Gas discharge devices are very diverse, and differ in the type of discharge used. They are used to stabilize the voltage, protect against overvoltage, perform switching …
Pic.198
Electron emission from conductors The electron is free only within the boundaries of the metal. As s
Electron emission from conductors The electron is free only within the boundaries of the metal. As soon as he tries to cross the "metal-vacuum" boundary, a Coulomb force of attraction …
Pic.199
Electron emission from conductors An electron cloud is formed near the surface, and a double electri
Electron emission from conductors An electron cloud is formed near the surface, and a double electric layer is formed at the interface Potential difference
Pic.200
Thermionic emission The magnitude of the work function depends on the chemical nature of the substan
Thermionic emission The magnitude of the work function depends on the chemical nature of the substance, on its thermodynamic state, and on the state of the interface. If the energy sufficient to …
Pic.201
Cold and explosive emission Electronic emission caused by the action of electric field forces on fre
Cold and explosive emission Electronic emission caused by the action of electric field forces on free electrons in a metal is called cold or field emission. To do this, the field strength must be …
Pic.202
Auto-electron emission The field emission can be observed in a well-evacuated vacuum tube, with the
Auto-electron emission The field emission can be observed in a well-evacuated vacuum tube, with the cathode serving as a tip, and the anode as a conventional electrode with a flat or slightly curved …
Pic.203
Auto-electron emission The electric field strength on the surface of the tip with a radius of curvat
Auto-electron emission The electric field strength on the surface of the tip with a radius of curvature r and potential U relative to the anode is
Pic.204
Magnetism
Magnetism
Pic.205
Magnetic interactions A magnetic field arises in the space surrounding magnetized bodies. A small ma
Magnetic interactions A magnetic field arises in the space surrounding magnetized bodies. A small magnetic needle placed in this field is installed at each of its points in a very definite way, …
Pic.206
When the magnetic needle deviates from the direction of the magnetic field, the arrow acts mechanica
When the magnetic needle deviates from the direction of the magnetic field, the arrow acts mechanical torque Mcr, proportional to the sine of the deviation angle α and tending to turn it along the …
Pic.207
The difference between permanent magnets and electric dipoles is as follows: An electric dipole alwa
The difference between permanent magnets and electric dipoles is as follows: An electric dipole always consists of charges of equal magnitude and opposite in sign. The permanent magnet, being cut in …
Pic.208
Discovery of Oersted When placing a magnetic needle in the immediate vicinity of a conductor with a
Discovery of Oersted When placing a magnetic needle in the immediate vicinity of a conductor with a current, he found that when a current flows through a conductor, the arrow deflects; after the …
Pic.209
Magnetic induction force characteristic of the magnetic field, it can be represented using magnetic
Magnetic induction force characteristic of the magnetic field, it can be represented using magnetic field lines. Since M is the moment of force and the magnetic moment is the characteristics of the …
Pic.210
Bio – Savard – Laplace-Amper law In 1820, French physicists Jean Baptiste Biot and Felix Savard cond
Bio – Savard – Laplace-Amper law In 1820, French physicists Jean Baptiste Biot and Felix Savard conducted studies of the magnetic fields of currents of various shapes. A French mathematician Pierre …
Pic.211
Bio – Savard – Laplace-Amper law
Bio – Savard – Laplace-Amper law
Pic.212
Bio – Savard – Laplace-Amper law Here: I - current; - vector coinciding with the elementary portion
Bio – Savard – Laplace-Amper law Here: I - current; - vector coinciding with the elementary portion of the current and directed in the direction to which the current flows; - the radius vector drawn …
Pic.213
Field conductor element with current
Field conductor element with current
Pic.214
The Bio – Savard – Laplace law for vacuum can be written as follows.
The Bio – Savard – Laplace law for vacuum can be written as follows.
Pic.215
Magnetic field strength The magnetic field is one of the forms of manifestation of the electromagnet
Magnetic field strength The magnetic field is one of the forms of manifestation of the electromagnetic field, a feature of which is that this field acts only on moving particles and bodies with an …
Pic.216
A magnetic field The magnetic field is created by conductors with current, moving electric charged p
A magnetic field The magnetic field is created by conductors with current, moving electric charged particles and bodies, as well as alternating electric fields. The force characteristic of the …
Pic.217
Gauss Theorem for Magnetic Induction Vector
Gauss Theorem for Magnetic Induction Vector
Pic.218
Accelerator classification Accelerators of charged particles are devices in which beams of high-ener
Accelerator classification Accelerators of charged particles are devices in which beams of high-energy charged particles (electrons, protons, mesons, etc. ) are created and controlled under the …
Pic.219
Any accelerator is characterized by: type of accelerated particles dispersion of particles by energi
Any accelerator is characterized by: type of accelerated particles dispersion of particles by energies, beam intensity. Accelerators are divided into continuous (uniform in time beam) impulse …
Pic.220
Any accelerator is characterized by According to the shape of the trajectory and the acceleration me
Any accelerator is characterized by According to the shape of the trajectory and the acceleration mechanism of the particles, the accelerators are divided into linear, cyclic induction. In linear …
Pic.221
Cyclic boosters A cyclotron is a cyclic resonant accelerator of heavy particles (protons, ions).
Cyclic boosters A cyclotron is a cyclic resonant accelerator of heavy particles (protons, ions).
Pic.222
Microtron electronic cyclotron) is a cyclic resonant accelerator in which, as in the cyclotron, both
Microtron electronic cyclotron) is a cyclic resonant accelerator in which, as in the cyclotron, both the magnetic field and the frequency of the accelerating field are constant in time, but the …
Pic.223
Phasotron (synchrocyclotron) - cyclic resonant accelerator of heavy charged particles (for example,
Phasotron (synchrocyclotron) - cyclic resonant accelerator of heavy charged particles (for example, protons, ions, α-particles), the control magnetic field is constant, the frequency of the …
Pic.224
«Mechanics. Key definitions», слайд 224
Pic.225
«Mechanics. Key definitions», слайд 225
Pic.226
FORCES ACTING ON MOVING CHARGES IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
FORCES ACTING ON MOVING CHARGES IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
Pic.227
Ampere's Law two conductors with current interact with each other with force:
Ampere's Law two conductors with current interact with each other with force:
Pic.228
The module of the force acting on the conductor
The module of the force acting on the conductor
Pic.229
Work of Amper force
Work of Amper force
Pic.230
THE RULE OF LEFT HAND
THE RULE OF LEFT HAND
Pic.231
Interaction of infinitely small elements dl1, dl2 parallel currents I1 and I2: the currents flowing
Interaction of infinitely small elements dl1, dl2 parallel currents I1 and I2: the currents flowing in the same direction attract each other; - currents flowing in different directions are repelled
Pic.232
The impact of the magnetic field on the frame with current The frame with current I is in a uniform
The impact of the magnetic field on the frame with current The frame with current I is in a uniform magnetic field α - the angle between and (the direction of the normal is connected with the …
Pic.233
The impact of the magnetic field on the frame with current
The impact of the magnetic field on the frame with current
Pic.234
MoMENTUM
MoMENTUM
Pic.235
Magnetic induction
Magnetic induction
Pic.236
Magnetic Units Ampere's law is used to establish the unit of current strength - amperes.
Magnetic Units Ampere's law is used to establish the unit of current strength - amperes.
Pic.237
Units of magnetic induction
Units of magnetic induction
Pic.238
I could bring down Brooklyn Bridge in an hour
I could bring down Brooklyn Bridge in an hour
Pic.239
Table of the main characteristics of the magnetic field
Table of the main characteristics of the magnetic field
Pic.240
Lorenz force
Lorenz force
Pic.241
Lorenz force
Lorenz force
Pic.242
Lorenz force
Lorenz force
Pic.243
Often the Lorentz force is the sum of the electric and magnetic forces:
Often the Lorentz force is the sum of the electric and magnetic forces:
Pic.244
Lorentz force
Lorentz force
Pic.245
REference Lorenz force: The total force acting on a charge in an electromagnetic field is F = FE + F
REference Lorenz force: The total force acting on a charge in an electromagnetic field is F = FE + Fm = qE + q [u, B]. The magnetic component of the Lorentz force is perpendicular to the velocity …
Pic.246
Self-induction phenomenon So far, we have considered changing magnetic fields without paying attenti
Self-induction phenomenon So far, we have considered changing magnetic fields without paying attention to what is their source. In practice, magnetic fields are most often created using various types …
Pic.247
Self-induction phenomenon The induced emf arising in the circuit itself is called self-induced emf,
Self-induction phenomenon The induced emf arising in the circuit itself is called self-induced emf, and the phenomenon itself is called self-induction. If the emf induction occurs in a neighboring …
Pic.248
Self-induction phenomenon The current I flowing in any circuit creates a magnetic flux Ψ that penetr
Self-induction phenomenon The current I flowing in any circuit creates a magnetic flux Ψ that penetrates the same circuit. If I change, will change, therefore the induced emf will be induced in the …
Pic.249
The inductance of such a circuit is taken as the unit of inductance in the SI, in which a full flux
The inductance of such a circuit is taken as the unit of inductance in the SI, in which a full flux Ψ = 1 Vb arises at current I = 1A. This unit is called Henry (Hn).
Pic.250
solenoid inductance
solenoid inductance
Pic.251
When the current in the circuit changes, an emf of self-induction arises in it, equal to
When the current in the circuit changes, an emf of self-induction arises in it, equal to
Pic.252
The minus sign in this formula is due to the Lenz rule.
The minus sign in this formula is due to the Lenz rule.
Pic.253
Transformer inductance The phenomenon of mutual induction is used in widespread devices - transforme
Transformer inductance The phenomenon of mutual induction is used in widespread devices - transformers. The transformer was invented by Yablochkov, a Russian scientist, in 1876. for separate power …
Pic.254
Transformer inductance
Transformer inductance
Pic.255
hen the variable emf in the primary winding
hen the variable emf in the primary winding
Pic.256
Transformation ratio
Transformation ratio
Pic.257
Energy and work
Energy and work
Pic.258
Diamagnets and paramagnetic in a magnetic field. The microscopic density of currents in a magnetized
Diamagnets and paramagnetic in a magnetic field. The microscopic density of currents in a magnetized substance is extremely complex and varies greatly, even within a single atom. But we are …
Pic.259
Diamagnets and paramagnetic in a magnetic field.
Diamagnets and paramagnetic in a magnetic field.
Pic.260
Diamagnetism the property of substances to be magnetized towards an applied magnetic field. Diamagne
Diamagnetism the property of substances to be magnetized towards an applied magnetic field. Diamagnetic materials are substances whose magnetic moments of atoms in the absence of an external field …
Pic.261
Paramagnetism the property of substances in an external magnetic field is magnetized in the directio
Paramagnetism the property of substances in an external magnetic field is magnetized in the direction of this field, therefore inside the paramagnetic the action of the induced internal field is …
Pic.262
Paramagnetics
Paramagnetics
Pic.263
Diamagnetics
Diamagnetics


Скачать презентацию

Если вам понравился сайт и размещенные на нем материалы, пожалуйста, не забывайте поделиться этой страничкой в социальных сетях и с друзьями! Спасибо!